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Analysis of the Effectiveness of International Sports Internal Arbitration in China

Analysis of the Effectiveness of International Sports Internal Arbitration in China

Judy Yuan Research DISPUTE RESOLUTION

Recently, a Portuguese football player received a notification of a ruling from FIFA regarding a transfer dispute between the Portuguese player and his club. The player had signed an employment contract with the club and went to China for football training, with the club providing training support and paying his annual salary in installments. After leaving China for a fixed holiday, the player was asked to return to the club for training. The player believed that the club had not paid the installment salary as stipulated in the contract on time. The club claimed that the salary should be paid only after the player returned to the country for training. The two parties reached a deadlock. Consequently, the player filed a breach of contract claim against the club with FIFA. In its ruling, FIFA required the club to pay compensation to the player and also to pay a fine to FIFA. According to the ruling, FIFA required the club to pay all amounts within 45 days; otherwise, the club would face sanctions from FIFA. When the player tried to enforce the ruling against the club, he faced refusal from the club, and the ruling does not have the effect of applying for compulsory enforcement in court. Based on current regulations, is the FIFA ruling received by the party considered an arbitral award? Can such a ruling be recognized and enforced by Chinese courts? This article will analyze these questions one by one.

一、体育仲裁概述

目前,体育赛事正蓬勃发展,用仲裁方式解决体育争端的方式日益受到体育界的推崇。

在国际体育争端解决实务当中,主要有三种方式来解决:第一,体育联合会/协会内部仲裁或纪律组织解决,实施内部法律救济。题述案件中,国际足联就属于体育联合会,做出的裁决也仅为行业内部裁决。例如, 根据《中国足球协会仲裁委员会工作规则》所规定,中国足协仲裁委的受案范围大致可分为三类:第一,不满中国足协纪律委员会作出的处罚决定以及一些技术性争端。第二,中国足球行业从事各个主体之间的合同纠纷,包括参赛资格、经纪人及工作合同,此类事项大多是属行业管理的范畴之内。第三,则是兜底性条款,仲裁委认为应当受理的其他争议,目前实践中主要包括足协对于临时转会做出的决定。第二,司法介入体育仲裁,采取诉讼的方式解决体育仲裁。诉讼具有自治方式无法替代的解决体育争端的特别功能,尤其是在体育运动日益商业化的背景下,诉讼解决体育争端的功能更为凸显。第三,由国际体育仲裁院即(CAS)进行仲裁解决。

总之,在当下体育仲裁日益成为体育界人士解决纠纷的重要方式。

二、体育仲裁的认定

需要注意的是,体育行业内部自治的纠纷处理结果或“裁决”并不具有《纽约公约》的“仲裁裁决”属性,不属于体育仲裁范畴,不具有《纽约公约》项下“仲裁裁决”的本质特征。我国最高人民法院于2022年底发布的第36批指导性案例中,其中第201号《德拉甘?可可托维奇诉上海恩渥餐饮管理有限公司、吕恩劳务合同纠纷案》明确了国际单项体育组织内部纠纷解决机构作出的纠纷处理决定不属于《承认及执行外国仲裁裁决公约》(简称“《纽约公约》”)项下的外国仲裁裁决。由此可见,对于体育行业内部自治机构做出的裁决,我国法院并不予以认可。

根据《纽约公约》规定,《纽约公约》项下的仲裁裁决需具备两个条件,第一是需为常设仲裁机关或专案仲裁庭基于当事人的仲裁协议做出的裁决,第二是对当事人提交的争议作出的裁决应为终局性、有约束力的裁决。 在本案中,国际足联性质为民间团体,不属于仲裁机关或专案仲裁庭,针对纠纷的裁决系国际单项体育组织的内部决定,主要依靠行业内部自治机制获得执行,不具有普遍、严格的约束力,故不符合仲裁裁决的本质特征,不属于《纽约公约》项下的外国仲裁裁决。因此,自然也无法取得仲裁裁决本应有的效力。

三、当事人救济

综上所述,国际足联球员身份委员会的决定程序并非仲裁程序,而是行业自治解决纠纷的内部程序,葡萄牙球员拿到的国际足联的裁决并不属于仲裁裁决,不属于为中国法院所承认的有效的仲裁裁决,并不具备法律效力,因此当事人无法通过该裁决申请法院的承认与执行。

题述案中葡萄牙球员与俱乐部的纠纷属于体育行业中的纠纷,因双方未在合同条款中约定争议由仲裁管辖,所以球员可向俱乐部所在地法院提起诉讼,获得有效的法院判决。由此,该葡萄牙球员才能最终获得法律意义上的实质保障。

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